What are the Nguzo Saba? Plus, how to apply them in daily life
Clinically reviewed by Dr. Chris Mosunic, PhD, RD, MBA
Discover the meaning of Nguzo Saba, the seven principles that are associated with Kwanzaa, and learn how to incorporate these values into your everyday life all year round.
Kwanzaa is a unique celebration that honors African American heritage, culture, and values. It’s a time to gather with loved ones, reflect on the past year, and recommit to continuing to build a stronger, more connected community. But Kwanzaa isn’t just about celebration… it’s also deeply rooted in beliefs that encourage personal growth and progress.
At the heart of Kwanzaa are the Nguzo Saba (“ung-oo-zo sa-ba”), which translates to “Seven Principles.” These guiding values were created to inspire unity, self-determination, and shared responsibility. Together they create a meaningful framework for a more fulfilling life.
While the Nguzo Saba are an essential part of the Kwanzaa celebration, they’re not just limited to this holiday. They can provide inspiration all year long.
What is Nguzo Saba?
The seven principles of Nguzo Saba were introduced in 1966 by Dr. Maulana Karenga, the creator of Kwanzaa. The hope was that these principles, rooted in African traditions and culture, could provide a framework for empowerment and collective growth for the African American community.
Each principle focuses on building stronger relationships and taking responsibility for yourself and others, with the goal of working together to create a better world. These values were designed to help people reclaim their cultural identity and find purpose in their personal and collective journeys.
During Kwanzaa, the Nguzo Saba takes center stage, with each of the seven days focusing on one principle. Families and communities take time to reflect on what each value means and how it can be applied to their lives.
But these principles are timeless and universal, offering guidance for anyone looking to live with intention and make a positive impact at any time of the year.
What are the 7 principles of Nguzo Saba?
The seven core principles promote personal growth, family strength, resilience, and community empowerment. Each principle represents an essential value for building a better future throughout the year. Let’s break down these principles and explore what they mean and how you can apply them to your life.
1. Umoja (unity): Umoja is the foundation of the Nguzo Saba. It’s about unity, staying connected, supporting one another, and working together as a family, community, and people. Umoja calls for harmony in all relationships, whether with family members, friends, or neighbors. It’s about coming together for a shared purpose and creating and nurturing a sense of belonging.
2. Kujichagulia (self-determination): Kujichagulia is about defining yourself, creating your path, and making decisions that reflect your values and identity. This principle encourages independence and self-confidence. It’s a reminder that you have the power to shape your life and contribute to the world in meaningful ways.
3. Ujima (collective work and responsibility): Ujima emphasizes the importance of working together to solve problems and create opportunities. It’s a call to action for collective progress. This principle highlights the idea that when one person succeeds, the entire community benefits. It’s about sharing responsibilities and tackling challenges as a team.
4. Ujamaa (cooperative economics): Cooperative economics encourages supporting businesses within the community to build shared wealth and create a sustainable future. Ujamaa reminds us that economic power grows when communities invest in themselves. It’s about choosing to uplift local businesses and entrepreneurs.
5. Nia (purpose): Nia inspires us to find and fulfill our life purpose, not just for personal gain but for the collective good. This principle is about aligning your goals and actions with the larger purpose of strengthening your community and leaving a positive legacy.
6. Kuumba (creativity): Creativity challenges us to improve our communities through innovative and thoughtful actions. Kuumba reminds us to think outside the box and use our imagination to make things better. Whether it’s through art, problem-solving, or beautifying shared spaces, creativity is a powerful tool for growth.
7. Imani (faith): Faith is about believing in the power of people, the strength of traditions, and the hope for a better future. Imani encourages trust in yourself, your community, and the values that guide you. It’s about having confidence in the journey and holding onto hope.
Why are the Nguzo Saba principles integral to Kwanzaa?
The Nguzo Saba principles are at the heart of Kwanzaa and while the decorations and food create a joyful atmosphere, the Nguzo Saba remind people that Kwanzaa is about more than celebration — it’s about reflection, connection, personal fortitude, and growth.
Daily reflection
With each day of Kwanzaa being dedicated to one of the seven principles it gives families and communities an opportunity to focus on that specific value.
On the day of Umoja (unity), families might talk about how they can strengthen their bonds or build bridges within their community. The day dedicated to Ujamaa (cooperative economics) might include chats about supporting local businesses or starting a family savings plan.
This daily focus encourages people to think critically about how these principles apply to their lives and their shared goals.
Lighting the Kinara
The principles are also realized in the rituals of Kwanzaa. One of the most well-known traditions is lighting the Kinara, which is a candleholder with seven branches. Each candle represents a principle, and lighting them one by one reminds people of the values that guide the celebration.
The candle in the center represents unity and is often lit first. This is a symbolic gesture that showcases how important unity is, above all. The candles themselves, called Mishumaa Saba, come in three colors: black for the people, red for their struggles, and green for their hope and future.
Nguzo Saba beyond Kwanzaa
Beyond the rituals, the Nguzo Saba principles give Kwanzaa its cultural depth. The seven principles connect everyone to their African traditions, heritage, and community. Dr. Karenga designed Kwanzaa to be more than a holiday — it’s a cultural movement aimed at strengthening the African American community by reminding everyone of their purpose and connection to each other.
For many, the Nguzo Saba also provides a sense of hope and direction. They encourage people to imagine a better future for themselves and their communities and to take active steps toward achieving it. The principles make Kwanzaa more than a week-long event. They inspire year-round action and reflection.
How to apply the principles of Nguzo Saba beyond Kwanzaa
When you apply the Nguzo Saba principles to your daily life, you create opportunities to strengthen relationships, empower others, and build a better community around you. Here’s how you can bring each principle into your routine in practical and meaningful ways.
1. Embrace unity and togetherness (Umoja)
Umoja, or unity, starts with being present and making an effort to nurture your relationships.
Connect with loved ones regularly, like through family dinners or weekly check-ins (here are 15 more ways to strengthen your connections). Get involved in community activities, such as volunteering, attending local meetings, or joining local clubs.
Unity and togetherness thrives when everyone feels heard and valued, so listen actively and work to resolve any conflicts within your communities peacefully.
2. Practice self-determination (Kujichagulia)
Kujichagulia, or self-determination, is about knowing who you are and standing firm in your values and goals.
Set aside time for self-reflection (these 20 questions can help). You might write down your goals, dreams, and the steps needed to achieve them. When you face challenges, remind yourself that you have the power to overcome them.
And teach any children or young people in your life about the importance of discovering who they are for themselves and not letting other people do it for them.
💙 Check out True Reflections with Jay Shetty for some guidance on how to see yourself more clearly and discover who you are.
3. Work together and share responsibility (Ujima)
Ujima, or working together to solve problems, can make a big difference in your community.
Identify a need in your community and get involved. Whether it’s volunteering at a local shelter, organizing a neighborhood cleanup, or participating in community improvement projects, your actions can inspire others.
Make it a family effort by involving your children while teaching them the importance of teamwork and giving back.
4. Support your community financially (Ujamaa)
Ujamaa, or cooperative economics, is a way to build economic strength within your community by supporting one another.
Shop locally whenever possible, and make a point to support Black-owned businesses or co-ops in your area. Consider starting a savings group or investment club with friends or family to combine resources for projects or improvements that benefit everyone.
And advocate for fair policies at the local and national level that uplift small businesses and encourage sustainable economic practices.
5. Make a promise to live with purpose (Nia)
Nia, or living with purpose gives you direction and helps you contribute to something bigger than yourself.
Take time to think about how your talents and passions can benefit others. (And if you’re not quite sure what your passions are, these 14 tips can help.) You might mentor a young person, volunteer for causes you care about, or start a project that aligns with your values.
When you have a clear sense of purpose, you inspire those around you to find theirs too.
💙 Explore Pleasure vs. Purpose guided exercise to find enjoyment in the process of uncovering your purpose.
6. Hone your creativity skills (Kuumba)
Kuumba, or creativity, isn’t just about art. It’s about finding creative ways to make your surroundings and community even better.
Beautify your home, neighborhood, or a shared space. Start a garden, create art for a community center, or come up with creative solutions to local challenges.
By thinking outside the box, you can make a lasting impact and inspire others to do the same.
7. Lead with faith and believe in yourself and others (Imani)
Imani, or faith, is about believing in yourself, your community, and the possibility of a better future.
Share stories of resilience and success, both within your family and community, to build hope and strength. Celebrate progress, no matter how small, and encourage others to keep going toward achieving their goals.
And remember that faith also means trusting in the process and in the collective strength of your community to overcome challenges.
Nguzo saba FAQs
How do you pronounce Nguzo Saba?
Nguzo Saba is pronounced “n-GOO-zoh SAH-bah.” It’s a Swahili phrase, with “Nguzo” meaning “principles” or “foundation” and “Saba” meaning “seven.” The pronunciation may feel tricky at first, but breaking it down into smaller parts makes it easier.
You’ll notice the “n” in Nguzo is slightly nasal, and the rest flows smoothly. Taking the time to learn how to pronounce it correctly shows respect for the language and its cultural significance.
How does Nguzo Saba relate to African cultural heritage?
Nguzo Saba is deeply rooted in African traditions, drawing inspiration from values that have been central to African communities for generations. Principles like collective work, self-determination, and faith reflect the communal focus often seen in African societies, where relationships and shared responsibilities are prioritized.
Dr. Maulana Karenga created the Nguzo Saba to reconnect African Americans with these traditional values, especially in the context of reclaiming cultural identity after the disruptions of slavery and systemic oppression. The principles serve as a bridge, linking modern-day practices with the rich heritage of African cultures.
By embracing Nguzo Saba, people honor the resilience, wisdom, and strength of African ancestors while applying these timeless values to present-day life.
What are the symbols of Nguzo Saba?
Nguzo Saba is celebrated through several meaningful symbols, particularly during Kwanzaa. One of the most iconic symbols is the Kinara, a seven-branched candleholder. Each branch represents one of the principles, and the lighting of the candles during the holiday helps participants reflect on their importance.
Other symbols include the Mkeka, a woven mat that serves as the foundation for other symbolic items. The Kikombe cha Umoja, or unity cup, is another important item, symbolizing shared commitments and connections. These symbols, used in rituals and discussions, deepen the understanding of Nguzo Saba and its role in everyday life.
What are some examples of modern initiatives inspired by Nguzo Saba?
There are many modern ways to practice Nguzo Saba in daily life. Urban gardening projects that bring neighborhoods together reflect Ujima (collective work and responsibility) by encouraging people to collaborate and share resources for mutual benefit.
Similarly, businesses and co-ops that prioritize fair trade and economic empowerment reflect Ujamaa (cooperative economics) by focusing on supporting local economies and creating shared prosperity. Educational programs and mentorship initiatives often incorporate Nia (purpose) by helping young people discover their talents and align them with their community’s needs.
These initiatives show how the Nguzo Saba values can spark practical solutions to build stronger, more connected communities.
How can families incorporate Nguzo Saba into their homes?
Since the seven principles of Nguzo Saba are varied, there are a variety of ways to practice them beyond the days of the Kwanzaa celebration.
Start by holding regular family meetings where everyone can share their thoughts and goals. This practice reflects Umoja (unity) and keeps communication strong.
Parents can encourage Kujichagulia (self-determination) by helping their children set personal goals or explore their cultural identity through books, music, and traditions.
Shared activities like volunteering as a family promote Ujima (collective work and responsibility), while supporting local businesses ties into Ujamaa (cooperative economics).
Creativity can also play a big role. Families can work on art or DIY projects together, embracing Kuumba (creativity) to improve their surroundings.
Faith and purpose, reflected in Imani (faith) and Nia (purpose), can be nurtured through storytelling, sharing family histories, or discussing hopes for the future.
By actively practicing these principles at home, families not only honor the spirit of Kwanzaa but also build habits that strengthen their connections and create a positive, values-driven environment.
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